Describe How DNA Has Enhanced Law Enforcement

DNA has emerged as a remarkable crime fighting tool. DNA has the potential to be the best crime solving tool of the 21st century. DNA has been very critical in solving some of the nations most serious crimes. DNA analysis is a very powerful tool, because each persons DNA is unique in most cases. DNA evidence collected from a crime scene can implicate or eliminate a suspect. It can also analyze unidentified remains through comparisons with DNA from someone’s relative. Previously, unsolvable cases, more often homicides and sexual assaults, can contain DNA evidence that will help identify the criminal, even though the victim can’t.When evidence from one crime scene is compared through the federal DNA database with evidence from another crime scene those crimes can be linked to the same person locally, statewide, and nationally. Also, plants and animals hold DNA, as well. Newer DNA analysis techniques can yield results from biological evidence that’s invisible to an officer. DNA analysis methods also can be able to help in the identification of missing persons. DNA can be obtained from severely degraded samples, as well.This has enhanced law enforcement tremendously. Without DNA evidence, most people would never be convicted (DNAs Link to Corrections, n. . ). DNA will continue to advance. Some anticipated advances are broader implementation of the CODIS database, increased automated lab procedures, use of computerized analysis, portable devices capable of DNA analysis and remote links to databases and other criminal justice information services (DNA Evidence,n. d. ). Reference DNA Evidence: What Law Enforcement Should Know. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 12, 2012 From: http://www. ncjrs. gov/pdffiles/jr000249c. pdj. DNA’s Link to Corretcions. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 12, 2012 from: http://www. crimescene- Investigations. net/NIJ-DNALinkCorretcion. pdf.

Personal, Organizational and Cultural Values Essay

Personal, organizational and cultural values are common approach to understand conflict or success in today global business environment. With the increasingly globalized economy and climate of multicultural workforce, organizations is continuously implementing and establishing desired core values to remain competitive. This paper will discuss how one can reconcile personal, organizational and cultural values in global settings. Personal values develop when the individual start to interact within family, school or religious organization. The followings are considered the core personal values in my life personally: goals oriented, respect, caring and trustworthy. Personal values will always be the foundation for each individual path of life. They are personal belief and philosophy for one to live by. Personal values shape our choices, impact the decision about our ability and how to treat ourselves and others. Experiences and interactions with external units influence the values people deem important to them. Personal values become a personal direction for people on how to live their lives. Ghosh (2008) explains â€Å"The individual’s cognitive moral development stage determines how an individual thinks about ethical dilemmas, his or her process of deciding what is right and wrong in a situation. †(Ghosh, 2008). Organizational values are established rules and polices that each organization believes to be acceptable and logic, professional and practical. Organizational values also provide a basis for employee decision making in the workplace. In my professional career, I have always set my goals to develop the following core organizational values: loyalty, reliability, hard work and commitment. Fenton (2007) explains: â€Å"when organizations articulate their values, they take what are thought to be shared, stable, and deeply held beliefs and communicate them as standards to guide decisions and actions, often with the intent of increasing productivity, improving efficiencies, and acting socially responsible. † (Fenton, 2007). Findings in a Deloitte and Touche Ethics and Workplace survey also reveal the critically important influence that management and supervisors have in promoting ethical workplace behavior by all workers. (Verschoor, 2007). The above mentioned survey explains: â€Å"Management and leadership have a huge responsibility in setting examples for their organizations and living the values they preach if they want to sustain a culture of ethics. † (Verschoor, 2007) Similar to personal values, cultural values are deep-rooted since childhood. Cultural values are developed in social heritage, traditions and reflect psychological, religious or spiritual, and moral experiences. Cultural Values are closely related to personal values since they are developed from the individual tradition, heritage and origin. Cultural values differ in several levels: ethnicity, religion, organization. Different cultures interpret moral and values differently therefore, affect individual interactions in many level. The influence of cultural values has a significant impact on how people and organizations operate and make their decisions. Cultural values affect actions in both personal and organizational level Verschoor, C. (2007) survey also found that more than 91% of working adults are more likely to behave ethically at work when they have a good balance between their job and their personal life. It was said that quality of an employee’s personal life strongly influences job satisfaction and related productivity, the 2007 Deloitte and Touche Ethics and Workplace survey shows that work-life balance also promotes ethical behavior in the (Verschoor, 2007) Values are energizing, motivating and inspiring. When people care passionate about something they will urge themselves with achievement Instilling and maintaining a values-oriented approach to ethics in the workplace, together with giving greater attention to related work-life balance issues, should remain at the top of the agenda of organizations. Employee fulfillment is essential to customer satisfaction, good quality, high productivity, low turnover, and other factors that lead to superior corporate financial performance (Verschoor, 2007) Employees make decisions in the workplace often reflecting value judgment and having ethical connotations. Corporate values are often used interchangeably with the concept of corporate culture. The usual paradigm is that corporations with strong positive cultures have institutionalized a set of corporate values. These values help employees identify with the organization and develop a commitment to its goals (Ghosh, 2008). In conclusion, personal and cultural values have become core elements in today global economy. Organizations calculate and implement these core values with the intent to improve efficiency and productivity, and establish organizational values and standards to communicate to all employees. Personal and cultural values have a major effect in people lives and interactions, and clearly work performance. To be able to find a balance between organizational values and personal, cultural values is the solution to career fulfillment and life satisfaction.

International Marketing Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Marketing Report - Essay Example Sony is one of the leaders in the entertainment industry as it manufactures entertainment gadgets like video games, televisions, and many more. According to Interbrand top a hundred Global Brands in the year 2011, Sony emerged position thirty-six among other a hundred brands. It is also among the top a hundred effectively managed companies across the business world (Koontz & Weihrich, 2006:104). This was because of its renowned heritage of creativeness and innovativeness. Sony boasts of having products in the electronic, games, entertainment, and in the provision of financial service sectors. In this regard, this essay will delve on a critical analysis of Sony’s marketing mix across the international markets. Further, it will highlight the International Process Theory that correctly describes Sony’s internationalization with supportive evidence. Lastly, it will discuss the extent to which Sony’s company country of origin influences consumers’ perception of Sony’s products by giving proper justification. Sony and the marketing mix Marketing mix is a business-marketing tool, which encompasses the four Ps in the influencing of consumers towards accessing a company’s products and services for the attainment of its goals and objectives (Lamb et al, 2008:148). The four P’s are price, place, promotion, and product that when mixed reflect the nature of different services within a market. Sequentially, Sony Company has managed tot use this marketing tool in the diversification of its products and its price range to favor its consumer base. Additionally, Sony has capitalized on favorable places in which they distribute there products and have implemented various promotion strategies to increase awareness of its products to its target market. Product In essence, a product is anything presented to a market for the market to be aware of its existence, after which they will buy, and then use it to satisfy either a want or a ne ed (Richter, 2012:29). A certain number of factors influence a products uptake within a market that may range from the brand name that a market associates its products to a number of others. In addition, the packing aspects of the products and the safety standards applied within the use of the product also influence the sale of products. Remarkably, the style, packaging, quality, and warranty associated with the product are attributes that also propagate a consumer towards buying of certain products within a market setting. For instance, consumers tend to access products from company’s who offer variety and improvement in the quality of already of already existing goods in a market. In this regard, Sony Company offers a number of products to the electronic, games and entertainment fields. For instance, the company manufactures television screens and projector, cameras, home theatre systems, computer hardware, mobile phones, and car entertainment devices. Additionally, Sony is a manufacturer of home recording devices, storage media, and charging devices. Ideally, Sony has further divided some of its products in to other sub categories especially on the television products. This has made the company able to service its market thorough the innovation of tailor made products that suit their various clients. These customers include households, offices, and public gatherings. Ideally, their products are able to meet the needs of their customers without financial

Jeffersons and Hamiltons Differences Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Jeffersons and Hamiltons Differences - Article Example    Jefferson considered agriculture to be the foundation of the American economy, while Hamilton favored commerce and industry. Jefferson opposed Hamilton’s proposal to establish a national Bank of the United States, to provide government subsidies to manufacturers and to impose tariffs to provide temporary protection to new firms. Jefferson argued that the establishment of a central bank was not sanctioned by the constitution and opposed the promotion of industry over agriculture. Hamilton suggested that the Federal government take over the unpaid public debts of the states and pay off the national debt. (Tours). In the area of foreign policy, Jefferson feared undue English influence and believed that America was obliged to actively support the French Revolution. On the other hand, Hamilton tended towards England and warned against involvement in France. (Pearson). I think that both Jefferson and Hamilton held strong, valid positions. ... Interpretation of the constitution, the debate on the expansion of the federal government’s authority and the emergence of the two-party political system have their roots in this conflict. The Democratic-Republican Party and the Federalist Party are the precursors of the present political divisions. America could fuse the philosophies of Jefferson and Hamilton for the good of the fledgling nation. # 5: The Separation of Powers. Although the framers of the U.S. Constitution did not explicitly define the Separation of Powers, the concept is implicitly enshrined in the structure of government as laid down in Articles 1, 2 and 3. The functioning of the three branches of the federal government - the legislative, the executive and the judicial - are clearly demarcated and separated. Article 1 states that â€Å"All legislative powers...shall be vested in a Congress.† Article 2 vests â€Å"the executive power...in a President.† Article 3 places the â€Å"judicial power of the United States in one Supreme Court†. The Legislative is composed of the House and Senate. The Executive is composed of the President, Vice-President, and the Departments. The Judicial is composed of the  federal courts  and the Supreme Court. The framers of the Constitution believed the Separation of Powers to be essential â€Å"because a concentration of political power is inherently dangerous and will sooner or later lead to the abuse of power and to oppressive government† (McClelland, Part 1V B).  Ã‚  

Condiment snack holder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Condiment snack holder - Essay Example A tab connected with the cup is attached to the sidewall of the food container. There is preferably a slit in the sidewall of the food server, and in the preferred embodiment there are preferably two slits in the sidewall, through which the tab on the condiment holder extends. In the preferred embodiment the condiment holder comprises a frame having an opening for receiving the cup, and the tab extends obliquely from the frame so that the cup is supported in a generally horizontal orientation. The holder is preferably made from a generally teardrop shaped blank, having a bulbous section with an opening therein forming the frame, and a tapering section forming the tab. The sections are separated by a score line along which the blank can be folded so that the tab extends obliquely from the frame section. The present invention provides in combination, a food container and a condiment container. The food container includes a front panel, a back panel attached to the front panel by at least one side panel and a bottom panel for defining an enclosure there between. A cut-out portion is provided in the at least one side panel and is attached to the front panel and to the back panel and extends into the enclosure. The condiment container includes a top end, a bottom end, and side walls sized for placement against a side panel of the food container. A clip structure is positioned at the top end for attaching and suspending the condiment container to the at least one side panel of the food container. The cut-out portion is sized and positioned for securing the condiment container near the bottom end in co-action with the clip structure. Inventors: Szczerbinski, Jeff P.; Application Number: 928111 Filing Date: 2001-08-10 Publication Date: 2002-05-14 International Classes: B65D 021/02 Field of Search: 229/400,902,904,906 220/23.4,23.83,482 206/541 Description: BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTIONField of the Invention: The present invention relates generally to food and condiment containers. More specifically, the present invention is primarily intended as a combination of a stackable and nest able paperboard container with a cut-out portion and a clip-on condiment container sized for insertion through the cut-out portion in co-action with the clip-on attachment to the paperboard container. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a food and condiment container combination. According to the present invention a combination is provided and comprises a food container, a condiment container, and a clip structure. The food container includes a front panel, a back panel attached to the f

Competency Training (Fire Service) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Competency Training (Fire Service) - Essay Example Fire fighters need up-to-date, comprehensive training materials to thoroughly prepare for any situation that may arise. The mission is to provide leadership to career and volunteer chiefs, chief fire officers, and managers of emergency service organizations through vision, information, education, services, and representation to enhance their professionalism and capabilities [2]. The main goal is that the firefighters in the operation department would execute their duties professionally, and with confidence, which would result in reduction of property loss and damage, subsequently re-instating stakeholder confidence in the Fire Department to carry out its mandate. One of the major challenges today to attain this goal is that a number of independent systems of training and education staggers fire service professionals. Besides, as the professional qualification series has grown, it is becoming increasingly difficult for firefighters or departments to find the necessary time to accomplish these levels of competency [3]. Efficient training systems are those that identify what they do well and take advantage of the strengths and opportunities provided by other systems to supplement their efforts. There should be a national system for fire service training and education because, as with other professions, a theoretical core of academic courses should be a prerequisite for entering these fields. The fire and emergency services should move towards becoming a full-fledged profession just like doctors, lawyers, nurses and other professions [4]. In theory providing emergency fire service is a ‘portable’ skill. Right now, there is no one un iversally recognized and reciprocal system to acquire the knowledge and skills required in the Fire and Emergency Services. The Fire Service training has important roles to play in the reform agenda. They should be re-modeled in order to be more effective. There is a need for

Home Depot's Blueprint for Culture Change Research Paper

Home Depot's Blueprint for Culture Change - Research Paper Example One of the greatest levels of inference that this can help to provide is with respect to the deviation that oftentimes occurs between the real world application of theory as compared to the academic interpretation for theoretical models and approaches. Firstly, Kotter and Cohen present what they term as the first stage of the eight step plan. Within this first stage, three particular steps are evidenced. These are as follows: increasing urgency, building what they term as â€Å"guiding teams,† and getting the right vision. It can immediately be inferred that they engaged with each and every one of these. Firstly, the urgency was created within the corporate level and soon diffused to the lower middle management within the entity. Secondly, it can be directly noted that the implementation of guiding teams was something that Nardelli placed a high emphasis upon. Although it would have been nice to see these guiding teams leverage a further degree of information rather than merel y seeking to implement a rather vague vision. Further, with regards to the last step in this three-step first stage, the actual vision creation and definition that Nardelli sought to engage within Home Depot was largely lacking. Although it is obvious that a new CEO was to seek to leverage increased profitability and maintain sales in an era of growing complexity and competition, the actual means by which this was to be effected were not presented in a step-by-step metric that the reader was able to follow in any discernible or applicable way. Similarly, the second stage of Kotter and Cohen’s eight step plan for instituting change is what is termed as â€Å"engaging and enabling the organization.† This stage includes the following: communication for buy-in, enablement of action, and creation of short-term wins. The is the particular stage of Kotter and Cohen’s process that Nardelli accomplished so effectively and to such a high degree, most likely providing this particular change approach with the degree of success that it ultimately achieved. By interacting with the respective stakeholders of this change process early, the communication for buy-in was related to them and understanding of the need for action was enabled. A more difficult part of this process is allowing for a situation in which short-term wins can be created so that stakeholders not only are continually cognizant of the process but also are aware of the fact that the changes that they have thus far implemented have reflected positively and will allow for future success. However, even though this is difficult, it was achieved by Nardelli in the fact that the changes in approach were proven successful to the stakeholders by increased sales numbers and profitability (Charan, 2006). Moreover, even though the cultural change that was implemented forced many individuals within middle management out of their respective comfort zones, it also allowed for a reconsideration of the a version to paperwork and central procedures that have thus far pervaded the entire business. The final stage of Kotter and Cohen’s eight step process is what is termed as implementing and sustaining change. Within this particular stage exist the following two steps: not letting up and making the idea / change stick. Although it might be easy to say that there are verified statistics that help to prove that Nardelli did not

Death with Dignity and the Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Death with Dignity and the Law - Essay Example It is noticeable that Virginia had been suffering from this condition since 1969, and George had been taking care of her ever since. One way George’s act can be interpreted, assuming that he has tried to manipulate the legal authorities, is that he too wanted to put an end to this lifelong service of taking care of Virginia, since according to the deputies, George himself came up with the thought that Virginia did not want any medical care at all, as he has been reported saying that she, â€Å"She didn't want to go to that hospital ... start cutting her toes of† (Skoloff). George and Virginia discussed that being admitted to the hospital is like getting a death sentence, so this was not a favorable option for them. Most probably, George was in a position to have Virginia change her mind even if she did not want to be hospitalized. The details of the incident do not speak of a single moment where George tried to convince Virginia to seek medical care for the treatment of her condition. All he did was cooperate with Virginia in putting an end to her life first by refusing to have her hospitalized and then by fulfilling her wish to be killed. ... Challenges associated with euthanasia Neither George nor Virginia thought about the challenges lying ahead for George in case of having him kill her that could be totally avoided if Virginia put an end to her life herself. Apparently, one cannot sense love in the act of a husband killing his wife especially when the wife was fully equipped to kill herself if she was that serious about it. Even before George shot her, Virginia asked him if this would cause pain, and George convinced her that she would not feel anything. This is strange because firstly, George had never experienced the sensation of being shot in his own entire life so he was not competent to tell her whether this would hurt or not, and secondly, it takes little common sense to tell that shooting somebody hurts. According to George, he and Virginia understood the medical procedure as comprising cutting the dead body tissue after which, Virginia would be taken to a nursing home where she would have to stay until her deat h. Choice of method for euthanasia The most controversial part of the incident is the use of .22 caliber revolver by George to commit the premeditated murder and later called over the part-time caregiver of Virginia to make the confession. George and the caregiver called 911 separately. Meanwhile, Virginia had not died. When George was found on the front porch by the deputies, Virginia was placed in the wheelchair and was alive, still breathing. George did an incomplete job leaving Virginia alive even after shooting her.  

Small business and its challenges Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Small business and its challenges - Case Study Example Long term forecasts allows company time to better position itself in the market competitively and at the same time enable it to implement any new approaches. Advance planning will help her reduce expenses, organize her resources, and cope with new trends therefore avoiding unnecessary surprises. With regard to her services, she should be more focused on how to ensure that they are satisfying to her customers hence ensuring a stable operation that can last for long. In every business, slight changes are necessary in order to better meet the needs of the target market. Therefore, it would be of benefit if Mort introduced slight changes or advance versions of her old service, such that she is able to keep up with the new trends. It will ensure that the business future is stable and at the same time keep the legacy of the family. The long term planning will help her know what modifications to make and know when to implement them which will help her business stay afloat regardless of competition, (Morrell, 2001). Capital expenditure is cash spent by an enterprise to obtain or renovate fixed, tangible, non-consumable assets, like buildings and equipment or a new business for a profitable purpose. Since Mort’s business has been there for long, is obvious that the building is worn out and might as well require renovation. She should, therefore, put aside some money that would cater for an overall upgrade. It can involve a little more partitioning of the entire building into a customized way that almost match the current models. Also, she should acquire newer versions of equipment used, such as freezers, in order to better preserve the bodies. Since technology is here to stay and new and advanced ones get introduced very often, it would be advisable if she embraced technologies such as computers. They will assist her in keeping records and vital information in good state and even upgrade her way of keeping tabs on which bodies are

Cyrus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cyrus - Essay Example One of King Cyrus’ servants, after being given one of the singing girls, says that, â€Å"I would far rather be serving on this campaign than sitting at home† (Xenophon, 2010). This quote reveals the servant’s loyalty to King Cyrus. He offers loyalty as an appreciation for being given a singing girl. Loyalty is also seen through trust. People trust unquestionably other individuals who are loyal to them. Cyrus sends for his trusted servant, Araspas, whom they have been friends since childhood. King Cyrus entrusts Araspas with guarding the captive Susian woman, Pantheia the wife of Abradatas his rival. Araspas loyalty is earlier doubted when he says, â€Å"have you seen the lady whom you bid me guard† (Xenophon, 2010). This is because he is not sure to fulfill his master’s will fully as he stumbles by falling prey to the captive’s beauty. Love is voluntary to human will. Therefore, beauty should not be compromised to love, but it should only enhance the process of loving someone. The use of metaphor is observed and is majorly used to expound on beauty. Beauty has been equated to â€Å"fire† while love to flowers. This is because â€Å"fire burns all men equally, it is its nature to do so, but these flowers of beauty, one man loves them and another loves them not, nor does every man love the same† (Xenophon, 2010). In contradiction to this statement, Cyrus reiterates the aspect of slavery in relation to love. He gives an instance of men who vowed to stand against every form of life circumstances to remain strong willed and never falls. However, when love knocks their doors to their souls, they fall and even refuse to let go and acknowledge. Love is eternal to human nature since we are bound forever to whoever we choose to love. Our souls are imprisoned by love the moment we allow it to. Xenophon shows th is through rhetoric where Cyrus asks, â€Å"If love be voluntary, why cannot a man cease to love when they forget, the bigger problems they were able to overcome?†

Maximizing Shareholder Wealth Essay Example for Free

Maximizing Shareholder Wealth Essay The goal of a firm and a financial manager should involve maximizing the wealth of a firm’s shareholders through achieving the highest possible value for the firm (Block 13). It is a vital task to oversee properly as a financial manager, and while the manager cannot directly control the firm’s stock price, it can act consistently with the desires of the shareholder. Accounting, financial and other irregularities can erode consumer confidence that says the system will operate in the best interests of shareholders, taxpayers and other constituents (Hintzen 2003). Therefore, ethical practices must be upheld to convey confidence to your clients. Your clients care about two major topics when hiring you: what is their return going to be, and is it going to occur when promised. Current stock prices as well as future expectations of value are controlled by the economic environment, but are difficult to forecast. In addition, expectations of stockholders are constantly varying depending on the economic climate. For instance, during the economic boom of . com businesses, people had high expectations of their money spent because of similar stocks. However, many companies had very high stock prices, with no real earnings yet, which distorted to economic health of some companies (Block 14). As related to business firms, social responsibility concerns such things as protecting the consumer, paying fair wages to employees, maintaining fair hiring practices, supporting education, and becoming actively involved in environmental issues like clean air and water. Many people feel that a firm has no choice but to act in socially responsible ways; they argue that shareholder wealth and, perhaps, the corporations very existence depends upon its being socially responsible. However, the criteria for social responsibility are not clearly defined, making formulation of a consistent objective function difficult (Dent 2005). As Christians, our social responsibility is defined through the Bible, and through it we should have perspective on what is right and wrong. While our job is to make money for our company and client, we must do so according to our beliefs, and what we know in our heart to be right, which God shows us. Philippians 1:9-10 (ESV) says, it is my prayer that your love may abound more and more, with knowledge and all discernment, so that you may approve what is excellent, and so be pure and blameless for the day of Christ.

View on Death Essay Example for Free

View on Death Essay Victor Cicirelli filled in the research gap between the areas of gerontology, thanatology, and psychology by conducting a research on the older persons view on death and dying. He published the results of his research in the books titled Older Adults’ Views on Death for the readers to be enlightened and to understand how older adults’ perceptions of death affect their end-of-life decisions. The research gap based from his review of related studies was in the field of thanatology, a branch of learning concerned with death and its dimensions, meanings, and associations. His area of research focused on the thoughts, feelings, and attitudes of older persons in relation to death. Cicirelli conducted an empirical study of 109 adults of ages 70 years and older in a community in central Indiana. The population sample was composed of more white people than the African-American citizens in Indiana. Sixteen of the participants were male and the remaining were women. This group was further categorized into five age groups, and by education, socioeconomic status, marital status, employment, and occupational level. He also subdivided the white participants into high and low socioeconomic status groups in order to identify a group similar in education and occupational level to the African-Americans participating in the study. The goal of the research was to identify the variables that affected their views in death. The first phase of Cicirelli’s data gathering used validated instruments and quantitative analysis to relate results to demographic and contextual variables. To get more insights from the older adults, open-ended interviews were conducted. The data analysis using qualitative techniques used to identify research themes and further relate them to the gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status of the sample population. Using a creative mix of quantitative interviews with structured response categories as well as open-ended qualitative 32476179_View on Death Page 2 interviews, which allowed the respondents to speak in their own words, Cicirelli forms a web of data, which strengthens his study and adds considerable flesh to the findings. Cicirelli adapted the available and present scales, or developed ones based used in the review of related studies, and quantified the three groups of notions as the foci of the study. First, apprehension and worry of passing away, is ‘‘the anxiety experienced in daily life caused by the anticipation of the state in which one is dead’’ (Cicirelli, 2002). Four dimensions utilized this impression: fear of the dying process, worry of being destroyed, fear of the unknown, and fear for considerable others. Second, contemplations of the dying process scrutinize matters ‘‘that a person in the last stages of a terminal illness might have’’ (Cicirelli, 2002), particularly the feelings of dying they would be expecting to experience if they were in the infirmary with terminal cancer and had five more days to live. Third, the individual adults’ connotation of bereavement ‘‘are primarily cognitive interpretations of objects and events in the environment and occur prior to and serve as stimuli for emotional reactions’’ (Cicirelli, 2002). These hypotheses include 4 multi-item subordinate scales (death as afterlife, as legacy, as extinction, and as motivator). In his first and second major concern in Older Adults’ Views on Death, Cicirelli found a wide range of attitudes toward fear of death, including having little fear of death and dying, to having considerable fear. Most of the citizens have experienced anxiety and worry about their end. People were also worried about the pain, process, dependence, and the unknown dimension death may bring. The fear of death is the inescapable factor in life. Most of the populace feared death and the dying process because they were anticipating the end-of-life. As a consequence, it brings anxiety to a person. Another factor that contributed to the two notions of Cicirelli was the age variations of the participants. On the contrary, the research 32476179_View on Death Page 3 showed that the fear of death and dying process may hit the highest point in the early 80s and the potential greater chances of the acceptance of death in an older person approaches 90 years of age. Unexpectedly, the research participants did not account particular fears of the dying process itself. Many people in this study seem to see death as a quick, painless process, although it is not unusual for these same persons to have knowledge and experience of deaths of close persons whose dying was likely to have been prolonged and painful. The older persons preferred to view the dying process as a metaphor â€Å"sleep,† that leads to a denial of the process itself. Cicirelli also speculated that their refutation is a process older adults’ may employ in foreseeing death. There appeared to be inadequately existing thought given to planning and preparations for the dying process itself. Cicirelli deduced his first and second assumptions that the research participants seemed unrealistic in regards to death and dying process. However, what was more realistic was their worry of being destroyed and the fear of the considerate others. The notion was reinforced when the research participants said they do not want others with them when they die. Family relationships and close friendships remain meaningful to the end of life, and feelings of closeness to living family members, and the number of family members preceding an individual in death seem to be important factors related to older adults’ views of death. They do not want these important people in their lives to see how they die. He comments that older adults may need to be educated about the dying process so that they develop more realistic plans. The third notion of Cicirelli focused on the meanings of death on older people. The author touched on the meanings of different types of death, such as that caused by war, murder, accidents, catastrophes, assisted suicide, euthanasia, and disease. Open-ended 32476179_View on Death Page 4 interviews and sentence completion tasks was developed in which personal meanings for death could include (1) death as legacy, (2) as afterlife, (3) as extinction, and (4) as a motivator. All four of these meanings for death were affirmed in varying degrees, and while some differences by age category were found in the strength of the results, the idea of death as relating to an afterlife and contemporary life was confirmed. The derivation of personal meanings involved questions about lifespan expectations, what a person would do given more time than expected, whether they would want to live forever given perfect health and freedom from financial pressures, and whether they thought about death as it came nearer. Cicirelli construed that most people do not desire infinite life, and death as an afterlife was the most meaningful of the four factors explored in the qualitative instrument he developed. Death as meaning a loss of physical function, loss of personal relationships, and offering release from life’s troubles were concepts also found to be meaningful. Aside from his major foci in the book, Cicirelli has suggested quite a few areas for future research that are compelling: religion and people’s attachment to God, and the financial concerns and terminal care. What are extremely clear from Cicirelli’s Older Adults’ Views on Death is that older adults’ perceptions of death, the dying process, and their fears of death are highly variable and influenced by many factors such as human relationships, happenings in life, and age. The wealth of data the book it provided the readers generated different feelings and thoughts as to death and the valuation of life. The personal goals, expectations, and the meaning of the future in the context of Cicirelli became the sources of reactions and sentiments to the timing of death and how to live life to the fullest. 32476179_View on Death Page 5 Fear creates various strings of feelings that were attached to the community. They express fear of pain, fear of sorrow, fear of disease flare-ups, fear of death or disfigurement, fear of different drugs and their side effects afterwards, and other fears that kept on creeping in the veins. Fear is a normative action in response to life’s ups and downs. It is a component that completes the existence of human beings as a part of the community. In effect, the branches of fear that connects us to one another regardless of the different age groups played a vital role in the views of elder people on death. Not only older people are affected by the fear of death and the dying process but also the younger age groups in the community. The awful fear of death comes to every person and haunts the society until the end-of-life happens. The sudden removal of fear especially the fear of death and the dying process in the research participants was a surprise and created an uncomfortable feeling. People think that fear of death is absent because it rarely shows its true face. It is concealed in the faith an individual has—may it be a faith in God or a faith in destiny. The fear of death is a normal circumstance in life. Yet, the research participants were not bothered and overpowered by the fear itself coming to their lives. The astonishment with the strong faith these people have in the midst of uncertainty, and of the unknown became a concealment of the human nature. On the other hand, what was there to fear about if dying was a normal incident in life? Anxiety is linked with the satisfaction and the perception of life. The thought of death as an unavoidable event in our existence created a lighter feeling of joy. The fear of death enslaved the mind that can deteriorate the quality of life a person can have. The fear of death is worst than death itself. It molded a restricted world full of worries and tension. The elimination of anxieties due to the fear of death and the dying process gives a light of hope to continue 32476179_View on Death Page 6 living life to the fullest. The positive outlook of the research participants transformed the negative astonishment and uncomfortable emotion into a favorable and joyous feeling. Hence, the good things in life would be more cherished without the interference of sorrow and fear that abridge pleasures and memorable experiences. However, the moment of joy was tainted with a feeling of disappointment regarding the view of death. It arose when the person’s view of death became was anchored on the encounters and happenings in life. People sometimes have an unrealistic view of death, thinking that whatever happened to a friend or a family member would also happen to them. Some salient aspects of the context referred to the past experiences’ potential to affect the attitudes and perceptions towards their own death and dying. The experience may vary from the loss of dignity in death to the inevitable decay of the bodily material that was imprinted on the memory. People come short of realizing that there are numerous causes of deaths. It does not follow and guarantee an individual that what happened to your friend or parent would also happen to you. It is frustrating to know that people compare their own lives with others, even in the process of death. It is not the fear of death that was dreaded but the loss of life and the opportunities that come with it. The book consisted of refreshing ideas that generated the impression of leaving your fears behind and cherishing every moment in your life. Even as a young adult, the book inspired the readers not to be too consumed on the thought of death. There are many things to enjoy and to contemplate about death. Every person has different and unique encounters. Life must not be preempted and expected as how other people experience life incidences. 32476179_View on Death Page 7 It may be that fleeting or sporadic thoughts of dying and death have the power to maximize the value of life. Acceptance of death may be associated with increased meaning and satisfactions with living . To be adamantly discerning on the mortality of persons is to present an unsettling challenge to completely understand human nature. Thus, the book was not only about death but also the prevailing transitory of human nature and their way of life: people were too much consumed of repression, comparison, and expectations on death that they failed to understand the human existence. Reference: Cicirelli, V. G. (2002). Older Adults views on death. New York: Springer Publishing.

The Barnum effect

The Barnum effect Abstract The Barnum effect is a theory that originated from psychologist Paul Meehl. The Barnum effect represents a type of subjective validation in which an individual finds personal meaning in a statement that could apply to many people (Cardwell, M. and Flanagan, C. 2012). In 1949, Forer went on to study this effect by giving his students an extract form an astrology column, finding that many students endorsed the extract and felt it was trailered to them. I therefore propose an experiment which will explore whether their are different responses in genders to a standardised personality description. The subjects participating are all college students currently studying history. The hypothesis therefore being, women will give a significantly higher accuracy rating than men on the standardised personality description. The null hypothesis is therefore, there will not be a significant difference between men and woman then asked to rate a standard personality description. The Mann-Whitney test will be used to help interpret the findings. Despite there being a minimal difference in the scores with females scoring higher than males, the experiment showed that the results where not significant thus the null hypothesis is supported. Introduction The Barnum effect is a theory that originated from psychologist Paul Meehl, in reference to to P. T. Barnum, an American showman with a reputation as a master manipulator. The Barnum effect represents a type of subjective validation in which a person finds personal meaning in a statement that could apply to many people (Cardwell, M. and Flanagan, C. 2012). If a subject is given statements that appear to have been specifically prepared for them, they often will validate its accuracy, thus giving validly to the means used to create the statement. In 1949 Bertram, R. Forer wanted to study this effect and devised a study using his students to give some incite into the appeal of pseudo-science. Students completed a personality test that he has simply copied out of a newspaper column, and that the results would produce a unique personality analysis. After this the students were asked to rate the analysis form 0 (poor) to 5 (excellent) in terms of how accurate they felt it reflected their own personality. Most of the students endorsed this statement with the average score being 4.26 (Cardwell, M. and Flanagan, C. 2012).This gives us an insight into the popularity of pseudo-science. Many people put great faith in horoscopes and personality tests the truth is that predictions like these only work because we like to hear information about our selves. Another study into gullibility carried out by N.D. Sunberg (1955) asked students to complete a standardised test used by psychologists to evaluate an individuals personality. They were then given results, either written by two experienced psychologists, or a false one. When asked which result was more accurate, 50% of participants identified the fake results as more accurate (Cline, A. 2014). This experiment identified the fallacy of personal validation, whereby an individual cannot be relied on to validate their own character or personality. The outcome of the Barnum effect can however be effected by variables such as education and gender. A study into pseudo-science and peoples beliefs was conducted by Keeports and Morier (1994). Their study looked at a group of students who were studying science and pseudo-science presenting them with a questionnaire at the beginning of the course about their beliefs. After the course the same questionnaire was given to the students and found a significant reduction in their belief of the paranormal. This shows how education can clearly have an impact on peoples belief in the paranormal. It has been generally accepted that there are no gender differences in the Barnum effect phenomenon. However, research carried out by Piper-Terry and Downey (1998) found that under certain conditions, gender could effect the results (Layne, C. 1998). They had their friends administer a personality test to psychology students then preceded to claim that they had interpreted their response based on what they were learning in class. The students rated the interpretations highly in line with the Barnum effect, however women rated these more accurately than men did. Piper-Terry and Downey concluded that woman gave higher accuracy ratings because they wanted to help out their friends whereas men where less inclined to help. Another interpretation could be that women are more open and therefore expect their friends interpretations to be more accurate. Furthermore, an argument can be made for women to be more susceptible of the Barnum effect. Studies have found 65% of church congregations in the UK are made up of women (Thackray, J. 2013). An argument that is used to explain this could be that women are seen to be more emotional, which could lead to greater spiritual openness, and a willingness to accept faith without the need of evidence. However, some simply state that because of the ageing population of the church the number of women in the congregation will increase simply because of their longer life spans. It is therefore the aim of this experiment to compare the susceptibility of men and woman. When asked by a neutral party to rate a standardised personalty description according to its accuracy. The hypothesis therefore being women will give a significantly higher accuracy rating than men on the standardised personality description The null hypothesis is therefore, there will not be a significant difference between men and woman then asked to rate a standard personality description. Method Design This experiment will be a laboratory experiment carried out in a class room with as much done as possible to help limit extraneous variables that may effect the result such as noise distractions or demand characteristics. The experiment will use an independent measure and involve a group of individuals that will conduct the experiment once. The independent variable will be the participants gender The dependant variable will be the participants response to the standardized personalty description. Participants The participants that will be used in this experiment will be students, currently studying history, aged between 19 and 31. The sample will consist of 12 females and 8 males and they will not be known the experamtor. Apparatus: 1 set of standardised instructions. 20 personalty assessment question sheets 20 standardised personalty descriptions. 1 classroom Procedure. The participants were first asked if they would consent to take part in an experiment. carried out by a fictional university into a new type of personality assessment that could give accurate information about an individuals personality. The participants then handed out a standardised questionnaire and instructed to answer each question on the paper. Once all the questionnaires were collected I told them I would return in one week with a personality description for each individual. On my return I handed out the standardised personality description informing them that it was personal and should not be shared with anyone else. I then asked them to rate the description out of 10 with 1 been not at all relevant and 10 been extremely relevant. Once these had been collected in I debriefed the participants and explained the deception. Results Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics Mann-Whitney U test: Discussion The results of the study showed through analysis that using the Mann-Whitney U test it was found that the null hypothesis is shown to be correct. The experimental hypothesis that females will give a significantly higher score than males to a standardised personality description is rejected. However, by looking at the mean results from the two groups we can see that females did give a marginally higher score on the personality description. Although the null hypothesis was supported the Barnum effect was clearly evident in this experiment. A large majority of the participants showed a score of 5 or higher with only one scoring below, as such we can say that the deception needed to conduct the experiment was a success. Moreover, among female participants two gave a score as high as 10 indicating how firmly they believed that the personality description had been trailered to them as individuals. This experiment therefore mirrors the results of the study carried out by Bertram, R. Foster, as the group of students he used also gave relatively high scores to a, after being told it was tailored to the individual. Furthermore, comparisons can be drawn from the experiment carried out by N.D. Sunberg (1995) in which standardised tests, real and fake, were used to evaluate personalities. Both experiments can reinforce the fallacy of personal validation, clearly showing that people cannot be trusted to validate their own personali ty. There are several reasons why the hypotheses was not significantly supported. One of these could have been that the participants used share many similarities, such as studying the same subject which could be an indicator of a certain personality type. Furthermore, the fact that they are students could indicate a certain level of intelligence. Both of these factors would make it hard to generalise the study to the rest of the population and as such lower the ecological validity of the experiment. This problem is shared by others who have been researching the subject including that of Piper-Terry and Downey (1994), who used psychology students for there experiments. One of the factors that could have affected the results is that their were more female than male participants. This could have effected the statistical conclusion that was drawn. The experiment was carried out under laboratory conditions in a college classroom which could have effected the outcome of the experiment. Although this setting allowed for many extraneous variables to be controlled, such as the tiredness of a student or their willingness to give the study their full attention could not be. Furthermore, the placement of the participants sitting around tables instead of individually could have allowed them to see each others question answers or personality description, possibly leading them to alter their answers. Both of these criticisms could lower the internal validity of the experiment. A major strength of this study is the standardised set of instructions that were given to each student. By doing this we can ensure that each of the participants fully understand what they are expected to do as well as leading to the ability to easy recreate the experiment. Furthermore, standardised instructions leads to all the participants being treated the same and so lowers the risk of experimenter effects. With regard to ethics, one of the main concerns was the creation a deception in order for the experiment to be effective. The British Psychology Society state in their guidelines that intentional deception should be avoided whenever possible (Hayes, N. 1993). As a deception was needed steps were taken to ensure participants were deceived as little as possible and that the true nature of the experiment was clearly communicated to them after it was complete . This was done by fully debriefing the participants after the study had been concluded. This involved fully informing them about the nature of the research and reassuring them about their performance within the study, as well as answering any questions that they might have about the experiment. (Lawton, J et al, 2011). Appendix 1: Personal statement While disciplined on the outside you tend to be slightly insecure at times and you have need for other people to like and admire you. You prefer a certain amount of change and variety however you become unhappy when you feel hemmed in by restrictions and limitations. Over the years you have learnt that us wise not to be to frank while revealing yourself to others and that it is best to hold onto your views until you feel that the time is right to express them. At times your outgoing, pleasant to talk to and sociable. However, there are time when when faced with a new situation that you feel slightly cautious and reserved. While some of your future plans may seem out of reach you nevertheless are willing to put in the work to try and make them a reality. Please score the accuracy of this personal statement 0 = very poor – 1 = extremely accurate Appendix 2: Questionnaire Instructions In the table below, for each statement 1-50 mark how much you agree with on the scale 1-10, where 1=disagree, 10 extremely accurate. References Cardwell, M. and Flanagan, C. (2012) Psychology AS: the complete companion: student book: for AQA A. 3rd edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Christopher Layne (1998) GENDER AND THE BARNUM EFFECT: A REINTERPRETATION OF PIPER-TERRY AND DOWNEYS RESULTS. Psychological Reports: Volume 83 Cline, A. (2014) Flaws in Reasoning and Arguments: Barnum Effect Gullibility Available at URL http://atheism.about.com/od/logicalflawsinreasoning/a/barnum.htm (Accessed on 09 December 2014) Hayes, N. (1993) A first course in psycholog. London: Harrap LAWTON, J., GROSS, R. and ROLLS, G. (2011) Psychology A2 for AQA (A). Abingdon: Hodder Education. Thackray, J. (2013) Why do more women flock to the Church? Available at URL http://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/womens-life/10035155/Why-do-more-women-flock-to-the-Church.html (Accessed on 10 December 2014)

Sustainable Development Policies Can Reduce Urbanization Problems Essay

Cities all over the world are developing. This urbanization process is causing a number of problems and can be met by sustainable development policies. In the beginning, it is important to know what is the reason for urbanization. Most people move to the city because they want to get a better life. Another important term is a sustainable development. There are some definitions for sustainable development, but simply they say that sustainable development is a development which using resources now and preserving them for future generations (Adams, 1999, p.137). This concept has been agreed internationally at a Rio Conference in 1992 to be implemented by all government policies which mostly known as â€Å"Agenda 21† principles (Adams, 1999, p.141). This paper will show that traffic jams and housing problems caused by urbanization can be met by sustainable development policies. The structure of this paper will first explain the situation that leads to traffic jams and housing prob lems. Next, it will elaborate the sustainable development solutions, implications for the solutions, and evaluations how effective the sustainable development solutions solved the problems. A general situation of urbanization trend in developing countries and developed countries is increasing. In 18th Century only 3% of the world total population lived in urban areas but as projected in 2000 this number will increase at above 50% (UN as cited in Elliot, 1999, p. 144). According to UN (as cited in Elliot, 1999, p.144), it is figured that the total urban population in developing countries has increased from around 400 millions people in 1950 to around 2000 millions people in 2000. At the same time, total urban population in developed countries is double from ... ... high rise public housing, and control population growth, being implemented together should be sufficient enough to solve the housing problem brought by urbanization. In conclusion, increasing urbanization trend in the world has given rise to traffic jams and housing problems. These problems can be solved by sustainable development policies such as public transport investment, traffic management system, car control, develop new towns, build high rise public housing, and population growth control. As a result, most of the problems are solved, manageable or minimized. Although some solutions are considered better than others, having integrated solutions may have a more effective way to solve the problems. Future generations will suffer if the government did not implement the policies. Therefore, it is strongly recommended to implement them as soon as possible.

Serious Trauma :: Narrative Memoir Essays

Serious Trauma On a boring Wednesday afternoon, I sat in a brightly lit CPR classroom listening to the instructor drone on and on. I began to wonder if I would ever actually need to use these skills. I highly doubted it. The past two years I have worked at the "little-kid-infested" North Fork Swimming Pool, where there have been absolutely no emergencies. A bloody nose or a stubbed toe here or there but never any serious traumas. These skills that I thought were so useless were put to the test on a chilly Tuesday night in March. The evening started out normal enough, tennis practice and little bit of sparring in Tang So Doo class. That night the instrumental solo and ensemble contest was being held at HHS. Even though I am not a member of the band, I was asked to help out. I was involved in a saxophone quartet with Nolan Cmerek, Mandy Bever and Haley Benson. The four of us warmed up together and patiently waited for our time to come. Distracting us from the complete boredom we were experiencing, a few boys who had watched Louise and I spar in Tang So Doo, engaged in a dunking contest in the gym. The object of this game, as made by Gates and Tyler Shaklee, the "basketball stars", was to run, jump on a plyo box, and dunk the ball in the basketball hoop, suspended from the gym ceiling. This was amusing to us, the spectators. One particular spectator thought he would join in the fun. The third contestant, Jim Pratt, made his first attempt but lost his grip and fell onto the gym floor on his stomach knocking the air out of him. He got up holding his stomach, gasping for air, and laughing at himself at the same time. The small crowd joined in laughing with him. Nobody wants to try, fail and just quit, so naturally, Jim wanted to try again. Many of the cautious few in the audience expressed their doubts as to whether he should try it again. Jim, having the competitive nature I am sure that all teenage boys possess, attempted to dunk the round orange ball one more time. His second attempt was again a failure but of a different and more serious type. The momentum of Jim’s feet kept going as he grasped the rim. This motion swung him upside down forcing him to lose his grip and fall ten very long feet.

Essay --

Thomas Clontz 1st Period 1/14/14 The Hot Zone Summary I acknowledge this is the final copy of my own original work and all resources have been cited appropriately. The novel, â€Å"The Hot Zone†, by Richard Preston, is an extraordinary tale about a virus called the Ebola virus. The author interviews a number of different people that all had encounters with the virus and records their stories. He is very interested by what they tell him and throughout the novel he is always seeking to find more information about it. There were many different encounters in this book but in my summary I am going to explain the ones that interested me the most. The story begins with a man by the name of Charles Monet. He is in Kenya working on a sugar plantation. One of his friends and him decide to take a trip to Mount Elgon and visit the Kitum Cave. A couple of days after he returns from his trip he becomes very ill. He experiences headaches and backaches for several days before spiking a fever and violently vomiting for a long time. His eyes change to a bloodshot red color and he loses all expressions from his face. His personality also dramatically changed. Doctors try to treat him but with no success so he was put on a plane to go to the Nairobi Hospital. During the flight he gets so sick that he throws up huge amounts of red puke with black specks in it. He begins to bleed from his nose and eventually from almost every opening in his body. By the time he reaches the hospital he â€Å"crashes† and falls to the floor in a pool of his virus infected blood. Another aspect of the story is associated with Major Nancy Jaax. She is a member of USAMRIID or United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases. USAMRIID does research on different w... ...animal was sedated before it could hurt her. On Friday, December 7, the last monkey was finally put down. After this the decon team arrives. They seal off the building and heat these special crystals that kill everything that is living. Also, the team learns that Milton Frantig, the employee who had fallen ill, had recovered from what seemed to be the flu. Ending this story the author, Richard Preston travels to Africa on his own to see the Kitum Cave and other sites that were mentioned throughout the novel. Finally, the author visits the monkey house in Reston which is now abandoned. This novel was an incredible journey of a virus from its origin and to what it became as it was passed from host to host. I learned how a virus can adapt and form different strands which can cause it to become more deadly. This was an extraordinary story and incredibly informative.

How It Alters the Teen’s Future

Teen pregnancy is a thing that ultimately alters a teens future forever with negative side effects, In the United States, 2. 800 teenagers become pregnant each day. When I graduated in 201 1; out of al the girls I graduated with 10 of those girls have had babies. one of them Just had her second baby this year. think more needs to be done to make girls realize that it affects their future, their children's, the baby's tamer. and other tamily members. I couldn't Imagine having a baby at this age. My cousin became a teen mom at the age of 19 with her long time boyfriend.But, I see the struggle they have to make money to pay the bills. He works two jobs to support her and their child because child care Is so expensive. They don't regret having their son, but they regret dropping out of college. Teen pregnancy Is the leading reason teen girls drop out of school. More than half of teen mothers never graduate. of them earn a college degree by the time their 30. About d quarter of them have d second child within two years of their first. Teenage girls in relationships with older boys are more likely to become pregnant, han a teenage girl In a relationship with a boy her own age.Poverty Is associated with increased rates of teen pregnancy. 80 % of teen mothers have to go on welfare at some point due to less than one third of teen mothers receive no child support. Girls whose mother or older sister gave birth as d teen are more likely to get pregnant themselves. Teenage parents who can rely on family and community support, social services and child care are more likely to continue with their education and get a higher paying job as they progress with their education. In the united States alone 820. 00 teens become pregnant each year.Birth rate in the United States is the highest in the developed world and teen abortion rate Is also higi-n In 2006, the united States teen rate rose for the first time in fourteen years. Canada also trended towards a steady decline for both 15- 17 and older 18 – 19 teens in the period of 1992 – 2002. Majority of teenage mothers are not married to the tatner ot their children. Babies born to teenagers are at risk for neglect and abuse because their young mothers ere uncertain about their roles and may be frustrated by the constant emand of care taking.Children of teen mothers are more likely to be born prematurely with low birth weight. They're at a higher risk tor intellectual, language, socio – emotional, development disabilities and behavioural issues are increased. Children of teen mothers have a 31 % incidence of depression and a 25% risk of parenthood as a teen. Mothers are less likely to stimulate their infant through affectionate behaviours such as touch, smile, smiling and verbal communication or to be sensltlve and accepting their needs.Teen parents don't have the Intellectual or erformance in children of teenage mother also been noted with many of them being more likely to fail to graduat e high school, be held back a grade level or score low on standardised test. As a son born, to a young woman in her teens is three times more likely to spend time in prison. Only 20% of teen fathers marry the mother of their child, many teen mothers continue to live at home with their parents. Teen fathers may continue a relationship with the babys mother but its common the relationship to end and when it does many fathers don't have much interaction with their children.Teen dads are less likely to earn a high school diploma; the failure to graduate can be due to finical pressure resulting form having a baby to take care of. Despite the stereotype, there is increasing evidence that teen fathers want to be (and are) involved with their children, though this involvement may not always include financial support. Young fathers are more likely to have economic and employment challenges and are more often economically disadvantaged than adult fathers. A large percentage of fathers involve d in teen pregnancies are 20 years or older.Teen pregnancy and motherhood can influence younger siblings. One study found that younger sisters of teen mothers were less likely to emphasise the importance of education and employment. Younger brothers too, were found to be more tolerant of non- martial and early births in addition to being more susceptible to high risk behaviours. Many programs available for teen moms are based on income. If the teen mom's parents earn above the minimum income, the teen may be denied services which leaves the burden of the costs on the parents.Teen pregnancy has a negative affect on their children, the teen mothers, and teen fathers. More needs to be done to prevent teen pregnancy more education and guidance from parents. Also, more needs to be done to help teens who become pregnant and the teen fathers. I don't think theirs enough done for teen dads. With more support groups, financial help, helping with them (teen moms and fathers) graduating and ge tting their diploma. They shouldn't be shamed because they become pregnant at a young age, they should get the opportunity to graduate and have a better life for them and their child.

Egyptian Planning Law

Egyptian administrative boldnesss Egyptian tribunal & supplying arranging Egyptian administrative And figurening arrangements electrical capa urban center 1. Egyptian administrative system ( gibe to 1971 validation) 1. 1 The topical anaesthetic anaesthetic administrative system. 1. 2 Differences amidst Rural and urban spheres in Egypt. 1. 3 Relation surrounded by aboriginal and topical anesthetic government agency. 1. 4 Parliamentary power (the elective councils). 2. Egyptian b atomic turn of events 18-assed administrative formation (according to 2012 constitution). 2. 1 Relation amongst commutation and topical anaesthetic anesthetic anaesthetic federal agency 2. 2 2. 2 Parliamentary power (The select Councils). 3.Egyptian mean system. (According to the coordinated cookery im servingiality 119 of the socio-econo(prenominal)ic class 2008). 3. 1. History of The urban supply Systems 3. 2. The expressiond make justness (Law 119 of the twelvemonth 2008). 4. urban intend and victimization ( justness 119 of the socio- sparing class 2008, artistic productionicles from 1 to 19). 4. 1. The innovative supply pecking order. 4. 2. The absolute Council of intend and urban Development structure. 4. 3. The command agreement of natural intend. 4. 4. The atomic result 18aal cookery subject matters (R. P. P. C) responsibilities. 4. 5. The world(a) judicial system For urban think (G tot every last(predicate) in ally overnment). Responsibilities . 4. topical anaesthetic anaesthetic anaesthetic regime Responsibilities and Powers cogitate to the be later on issues. 5. paygrade of the urban sour after the interconnected urban virtue. 6. power structure and Development sees contents. 7. Examples of the evolution invents. 6. 1. The bailiwick urban Development strategicalal Plan. 6. 2. The contributional urban Development strategic Plan (Greater heavy(p) of Egypt contribution). 6. 3. Helwan Government U rban Development strategical Plan. 6. 4. El Zabw (Village) Urban Development strategic Plan. Egyptian administrative And be after Systems 2 content name of encrypts Figure (1). The Egyptian Governorates.. . 6. Figure (2). topical anaesthetic Councils Structures . .. . 7. Figure (3). Egypts pro fantasy spheres .. .. 16.. Figure (4). The National Urban Development strategical Plan . .. 20. Figure (5). The neck of the woodsal Urban Development strategical Plan (Greater capital of Egypt component part). 20. Figure (6). Helwan Government Urban Development Strategic Plan . . 21. Figure (7). El Zabw ( settlement) Urban Development Strategic Plan .. 21. heelen of modulatesShape(1) The Egyptian Administration Hierarchy . 5. Shape (2) self-im mannerance congressman The natural training Hierarch.. . . 13. Shape (3) self illustration The autocratic council of prep aredness and urban nurture structure .. . 14. Shape (4) The Supreme Council of pro resourcefulness and Urban D evelopment responsibilities . .. . 15. List of hold overs (Table 1) trusty Governmental Bodies For be after or commendation the computer programmes before the takings of the unify cookery law (119 For the form 2008) .. . 12. Table 2) The power structure and the content of the knowledge plans. . 19. Egyptian administrative And be after Systems 3 Egyptian administrative System Egyptian administrative system (According to the 1971 constitution) Egyptian administrative And preparation Systems 4 Egyptian administrative System 1. The Egyptian administrative System. Introduction Egypt is find out in northeast Africa and borders the Mediterranean ocean to the north along 995 km, the rose-cheeked ocean in the east along 1,941 km, nirvana and Israel in the northeast along 265 km, Libya in the west along 1,115 km and Sudan in the south along 1,280 km.It is estimated that Egypt covers an argona of 1. 2 million km?. capital of Egypt (around 11 million inhabitants) is the capital of Egypt. According to estimates from 2012, the marrow 1 macrocosm of Egypt is 83,335,036. Today the body politic is organized on five trains. fine art. 161 of the 1971 establishment severalises that the Arab Re man of Egypt is divided into leg bothy recognised administrative units. These ar Governorates, Centers, Cities, Districts and colonizations. The Constitution withal provides for other legally recognized administrative units to be established where it is in the habitual interest.Egypt consists of 27 governorate (fig. 1) and angiotensin-converting enzyme urban center with autonomic character (Luxor), and those governorates ticks 184 center Markez, Centers character may contain unmatched ore to a greater extent co-worker city, and the cities regions contains fellow regularises or fellow small towns according to the move, res in the world eye(predicate)a and population of all(prenominal)(prenominal) urban settlement. As shown in shape 1. Shape(1) The Egyptian Administration Hierarchy In wrong of the constitution, since Egypt became a pop in 1953, the clownish had various constitutions (1953,1956,1958,1964,1971, and in the long run 2012 constitution. further due to the absence of the parliament there is no laws issued yet found on that constitution so the next articles is base on the law 43 for the twelvemonth 1979 based on the 1971 constitution. The topical anaesthetic anesthetic administrative System 2 1 26 184 218 Centralized Governorate Cairo Following Governorates Centers Markez Governorates are declared by a presidential close. center and cities are declared by the ground government pastor. Function, area and population are the three factor the quality minister meets in consideration before converting a village into a city (after a proposal from the Local political unit). Cities 78 Districts 4168 Villages Differences among Rural and Urban regions in Egypt. Governorates are either amply urban or els e an admixture of urban and folksy. The official distinction between urban and inelegant is reflected in the lower tiers i. e. fully urban governorates fetch no regions (Markez) , as the center Markez is natively a conglomeration of villages. Moreover, governorates may institute just one city, as in the case of Cairo or Alexandria. Hence, these one-city governorates are just divided into districts (urban neighborhoods). Cairo consists of 23 districts Alexandria consists of 6. 1) Source cultivation and purpose acquit center, Egypts description by instruction (2007), vol. 1. (2) cheat. 1 in the law 43 of the social class 1979 Egyptian administrative And mean Systems 5 Egyptian Administrative System Introduction Figure (1). The Egyptian Governorates. 3 Egypt consists of 27 governorate (fig. 2) and one city with autonomic character (Luxor), and those governorates contains 184 center Markez, Centers region may contain one ore to a greater extent fellow city, and the cities r egions contains fellow districts or fellow villages according to the function, area and population of severally urban settlement.As shown in figure 1. (3) Source Information and close back down center, Egypts description by training (2007), vol. 1. Egyptian Administrative And intend Systems 6 Egyptian Local Administrative System 1. 2 Local body politic 4 1 separately administrative unit in Egypt, on all the levels, governorates ,centers, cities, districts or villages has two councils. As Shown in figure (2). One if them is appointed The executive director Council and the other one is the man meeting place which is choose by the people. The Egyptian constitution adopts elections as the method for appointing members of local anaesthetic fashionable councils. onstitution states that local hot council are create progressively on the level of admin. units by means of direct suffrage. 4 That the councils are elected through direct and mystic votes and the mandate is for 4 grades. 5 The termination revisions to the constitution in 2005 and 2007 aimed to give interest to the local elections as it gave the local elected officials the right to sponsor and support autonomous candidates during presidential 1 elections. Figure (2). topical anesthetic COUNCILS STRUCTURES Source Ennahar (M-M), Ladministration locale entre centralisation et decentralisation, Librairie Jalaa El Haditha, 2001, p. 17 and s. (in Arabic). Relation between central and local liberty Local councils are subject to some checks carried out by central governance, which have the croak freshs show in terms of managing local affairs. Local councils also comes under jurisdictional mold and the peoples 1 accumulation on the other hand, the governor has swellnessy trusteeship and powers of control over local councils within the governorate hot council has control over the lower councils, according to the hierarchy established between local governing .Control of decision maker p ower artistry. 139 of the law gives the power to the prime minister to declare the dissolution of local councils although the Egyptian legislating has established the confidential information for electing the local councils it didnt exclude nominating particular members by the governor. Parliamentary power (The Elected Councils) Parliament adopts laws setting out the allocations of local authorities.It also has control over councils and local authorities according to the reviewing terms 1 Members of the Peoples host have the right to attend popular council meetings, to participate in debates, ask questions, produce suggestions and request information without taking part in the voting work out. 2 The minister in charge of local administration is required to present an annual promulgate to the President of the Peoples throng on the activities and accomplishments of the local popular councils as part of the study plan and the work out of severally governorate. The People s assembly must be informed of all decisions concerning the dissolution of a local popular council within two weeks of the decision to accept the Assembly to verify that the aforementioned decision conforms to the law. (4) Dr. Khaled Zaki, incision of law, Ein Shams University, UCLG country profile Egypt. (5) cunning. 16 of the 1971. (5) Amended law no. 43 of the year 79. Egyptian Administrative And prep Systems 7 Egyptian Local Administrative Systems (according to the virgin take in). Egyptian Administrative system (According to the young constitution (2012)Egyptian Administrative And provision Systems 8 Egyptian Local Administrative Systems (according to the natural constitute). 2. 1 Relation between central and local authority ? maneuver (183). The country is distri only whened into local administrative units, apiece has its own character, and it includes governorates, centers (Markez), cities, districts, and villages, the unit could contains one or more village or d istrict, thats all according to what the law states, in the direction of insuring the decentralization concept, stabilizing the units of provision of utilities and local services, develop it and manage it. Art (184). The country adopt the involve of the local units from technical, managerial and financing support, and grunting the fair diffusion of the utilities and services and resources, and decrease the knowledge disruption and rate between the units, As regulate by law. ? Art (185). Taxes and the local fees (original and excess fees) going under the financial resources of the units, and fall out the same rules, regulating and the same procedures of the countrys money. As modulate by law. Art (186). The law organizes the division and cooperation between the local units and severally other in the mutual benefit thrusts, and the means of cooperation between them and the assorted countrys authorities. ? Art (187) The law organizes the government agency of choosing the governors and the local governmental units presidents and specifies their powers and responsibilities. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 9 Egyptian Local Administrative Systems (according to the new constitute). 2. Parliamentary power (The Elected Councils) ? Art (188). Each Local Governmental Unit (LGU) elects a popular council through a direct and the secret bal toilet for 4 years. The candidates required to be older than twenty-one years. The council includes representative from the Executive authority and they acceptt have an accountable voice. Each council elects its president and the procurator from the councils members. And the law organizes the other nomination conditions and the election procedures. Art (189) Each LGU is prudent for the unit it represent, and utilize and run the local utilities and the economic, social and health firmaments , as regulated by law. ? Art (190) Decisions of the LGUs consider as definitive decisions, and its non allowed for the executive authority to measuring stick in or to change except few cases The council exceeded its responsibilities. The decisions made are Detrimental for the public interest. In case of disagreeing and controversy on the responsibilities of the LGUs, the country councils Assembly is trustworthy to decisive and to clarify the LGUs responsibilities.As regulated by law. ? Art (191) Each LGU is responsible to state their budget and their final accounts, as regulated by law. ? Art (192) Its non possible to dissolute the LGUs with a statewide examination managerial decisions. And the law organize the way of dissolution the councils and the way of reelecting it. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 10 Egyptian Planning System According to the old constitute (1971) and the corporate Building law 119 of the year 2008 Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 11Egyptian Planning System law) 3. 1 History of The Urban training Systems (Before issuing the unified buildi ng Obstacles faced the implantation of urban training emergence before the unified law Before issuing the unified readying law in 2008 the Egyptian preparation system faced a lot of obstacles, the most prominent one was the busybodied between the ministries and entities objectives and responsibilities covered by high-risk laws. Tasks overlapping and duplication of urban growings plans. Contradictions in decision making. Lack of co-ordination among these wide yield of implicated entities. The following table shows the overlapping between the Egyptian entities in the proviso decision making 6 (Table 1) Responsible Governmental Bodies For Planning or Approving the plans before the issuing of the unified intend law (119 For the year 2008) (6) Analysis of accommodate supply mechanism In Egypt. last(a) report, 2007, the world bank. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 12 Egyptian prep System 3. 2.The unified building law (Law 119 of the year 2008) Introduction Reco gnizing the major challenges of enforcing urban cookery and building regulations due to the contradictions between m some(prenominal) laws and decrees issued over time MHUUD proposed to combine all related laws for inclined(p)ness and building in one low to avoid any further conflict The unified building law comprises five chapters 1. urban grooming and increase. 2. building codes. 3. Conditions for demolitions of buildings . 4. Protection and maintenance of lodgment buildings. 5. Preservations of buildings with cultural or architectural importance. . Urban Planning and Development 4. 1. The naked as a jaybird Planning Hierarchy 7 The idea was trust the urban plan passage in Egypt and ensure the efficient of the decisions and the implementation of the training plans. Decentralize the urban provision process within the GOPP Through the establishment of the regional centers to support the local units in performing their assigned tasks in urban supplying. braggy the small er units much bigger authority in the decision making process. Shape (2) self illustration The New Planning Hierarchy 7) Law 119 of the year 2008, Articles from 1 to 19. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 13 Egyptian planning Systems 4. 2. The Supreme Council for Planning and Urban Development. (Shape 3) self illustration The irresponsible council of planning and urban teaching structure 8 The Supreme Council for planning and urban development Responsibilities 1-the council is responsible for approving and declaring the case goals and policies for the planning and urban development and the urban harmony. 2-The council is responsible for achieving goals of urban development. - coordinate between antithetical entities have-to doe with with planning and urban development and connectering between the states economic development plan and urban development plans. 4- propounding the valuable lands lay a vision for each land. 5-Empower the stakeholders to take their rules and responsibilities to achieve the bailiwick goals. 6-Evaluate the implantation of the National and the orbital strategic plans. 7-approving and declaration of The new urban development get words that lying out-of-door the already stated urban borders according to the strategic development plans for the city or the village.The president announce the creation of the new city according to the recommendation of the tyrannical council. Deficits of the Supreme council for urban development and planning. The supreme council has no fixed dates to meet. Through the last 3 years they had only one meeting and the result was a windy plan to develop the lay waste to but due to the change of the cabinet the vision was cancelled. Before the revolution there was no data whether they had a meeting or non. (8) found on art. 3. to 6. in the law 119 for the year 2008. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 14Egyptian planning Systems 4. 3. The usual Organization for animal(prenomi nal) Planning (GOPP) 9 The oecumenic Organization for strong-arm Planning is the responsible authority in the country for lay the general policies and visions for a sustainable urban development and preparing development plans and programs on all the levels (national, regional, locally), and responsible for edict and approving the urban plans on the local level according to the frame of the national and regional goals and policies. The universal Organization for Physical Planning responsibilities10 Shape 4) self illustration of the Supreme Council for Planning and Urban development Responsibilities As it shown in shape 4, the GOPP has roughly the responsibility of e very thing related to planning and urban development in Egypt, on all the scales and levels, even when they attempt to breakdown this incubus and decentralize the process by creating the GOPP regional centers they kept the higher(prenominal) intelligence information in the GOPPs hand. That engage to a weak plan ning process and very long time taken to start and finish a strategic development plan for any village or city. (9) fraud 5. in the somatogenic regulation hear of the law 119. (10) ART 6. n the physical regulation list of the law 119. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 15 Egyptian planning Systems Egypts Planning Regions* Delta Region Alexandria region Suez canal region Northern amphetamine Egypt region Asyut Region South Of swiftness Egypt Region Fig. (2) The Planning Regions. Source Information and decision support center, Egypts description by information (2007), vol. 1. In 2004 GOPP decided to breakdown the Egyptian planning regions into 7 regions according to the brisk stinting regions, each region consists of more than 2 governorates, and they were distributed according to the main function of each governorate.That initiative purposed to decentralize the planning process and to distribute the work load on the new centers, As each center supposed to be more inte rfered in the region problems by coordinating with the local governorate directorate units (one in each governorate) and prepare a primary development plan for each city and village in the region with the coordination and cooperation of the local planning units and assemblies. So those centers are the GOPPs arms, the link between the GOPP and the very local planning units.But still those centers dont have the power to approve a development plan or a program, GOPP has the upper hand to approve or revoke any development plan. So it was a decentralization of the work load not in the decision making process but its a step in the right form of decentralization. * For more details read augment 1 Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 16 Egyptian planning Systems 4. 4. The regional planning centers (R. P. P. C) responsibilities ART. 7. the executive regulations list of the law 119 Establishing a regional planning center in each planning region (Fig. ) follow the GOPP and taking o ver its responsibilities. Offer the technical support for the governments general admin. For urban planning units. Supervising the preparation and the implementation of the strategic plans for the region governments cities and villages. (Based on ART.. 11,12,13 from the law 119 for the year 2008) The governmental Planning department studies the proposed development plans from the local public authorities with the contribution of the local public council. The regional planning centers takes the responsibility for preparing the local development plans for the city or for the village . The regional planning center rescript the plan and change it according to the notes. The General Organization For Physical Planning revise and approve the development plan. Preparing the regulation cusp for the cities or villages slender plans. 4. 5. The General Administration Directorate For Urban Planning in each (Governorate) Responsibilities. ART. 8. n the executive regulations list of the l aw 119 of the year 2008. Establishing in each governorate a general administration for the urban planning, takes over inside it region the responsibilities of preparing the detailed plans according to the planning regulations and building codes for the different land-uses also responsible for preparing the development programs. Thats all under the supervision of the regional planning center the unit follow. Based on the ART.. 8, 10, 14 from the law no. 119 of the year 2008. The general administration for urban planning is responsible for preparing a comprehensive report and submit it to the regional planning center , that report includes the needs and the development priorities for each city and village on the local level. Each unit exist its development vision, suggestions for the required projects and the running(a) plan to achieve this suggestions. The concerned managerial entity, the local assembly, the concerned executive authorities and representatives from the civil soc ieties cooperate with the administrative units in making the proposed development plans. The general admin. Units is responsible for representing the proposal of the strategic plan for the city or the village to the citizens , the concerned entities and the local assembly. Write the notes and the objections on the proposal and maneuver them back to the regional planning center. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 17 Egyptian planning Systems 4. 6 Local authorities Responsibilities and Powers related to the planning issues Based on the Art. 115, 116,117,118 from the law no. 3 of the year 1979 Local authority can only be involved in sum investing projects using foreign investiture after the acceptance of the concerned planning entities and the national investment authority and the central government. Local public authorities are responsible for preparing an integrated development plans based on the investments opportunities and strengths and putting a vision for managi ng the resources and send them to the concerned planning entities. The local authorities with the contribution of the planning entity, directed by the recommendations of the local public council puts the goals to achieve social and economical development. Based on the Art. 9, 16,17,19. of the 119 law of the year 2008. (executive regulation list. ) According to the needs and requirements the local assemblies specify, The GOPP through its regional centers and the governmental executive authority prepares the development plan and the local urban policies. The local units are responsible for supervising and reporting the development plans implementation progress for the governmental planning units and the regional planning centers. ART 16. In case of renewal plans and re-planning of the industrial, handicraft zones and the urban sprawl areas and the areas with a special values, the governor approve the plans after the approving of the public assembly and the local authority. ART 17. the local authority isnt allowed to give building and constructing permissions unless the project stated in the detailed plans prepared by the governmental planning unit.Art. 19 the governor issue the taxes and fees of building after the approval of the local assembly. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 18 Egyptian planning Systems 5. Current planning process (decision making) and concerned entities. (self evaluation). Prepare the plan Require its approval Informed by the plan Prepare a primary plan (comprehensive S. W. O. T. analysis) Putting the policy and development strategies 1 prepares the detailed plans for its own projects. 2 prepares the detailed plans for its own projects.According to the unified building law the problems happened before issuing it like overlaps of responsibilities and Lack of co-ordination among these wide number of concerned entities supposed to be work out by creating the supreme council for urban planning, But still the council itself is no t efficient as it has no fixed dates to meet and the troops still have the higher word in all of the projects like a country inside the country (even in the new constitution), also for the public intimacy in the local assemblies still very weak and un-efficient because people dont trust the government and the executive authority before and after the revolution, Corruption and warm money making still leaders the planning system in Egypt. ego evaluation for the situation after the unified building law. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 19 Egyptian planning Systems 6. (Table 4) The hierarchy and the content of the development plans. Responsible entity Produced plans bailiwick of plans National level Regional level settle the national planning principals and the urban development projects Specify the national projects and its implantation phases. specify the public sector role in the development plan. Specify the national and regional planning vision and principa ls for each planning region.Specify the national and regional projects and its implantation phases. Specify the stakeholders and the partners for each project Specify the regional planning vision and principals for the government and matching it with the local cities and villages strategic plans. Prioritizing the projects and specific the implantation phases for each Specify the stakeholders and the partners for each project. Maps scale Supreme council GOPP. GOPP R. P. C. 1-250000 1-100000 Governorate level GOPP R. P. C. The General Administration Directorate 1-50000 1-25000 Strategic levels (cities, district and villages) State the futuristic vision for each city and village.Puts the Social- economical- environmental plans and the local urban development plans to achieve the sustainable development. Specify the boundaries for each city and village. Determine the urban sprawl direction and specify the futures needs of land. specify the implementing plans, priorities , and the financing entities. Setting the Planning and building codes and regulations. Setting the Infrastructure and land uses implementing programs according to the approved city or village strategic plans. GOPP R. P. Centers The General Administration Directorate 1-10000 Detailed Plans For the (cities, district and villages) GOPP R. P.Centers The General Administration Directorate Local authority 1-5000 1-1000 Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 20 Egyptian planning Systems 7. (Figure 4) The National Urban Development Strategic Plan 3 7. 2. (Figure 5) The Regional Urban Development Strategic Plan (Greater Cairo Region) 3 (3) General organization for physical planning, . Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 21 Egyptian planning Systems 7. 3. (Figure 6) Helwan Government Urban Development Strategic Plan Development strategy New cities sector New purposed urban settlements New purposed industrial zones New purposed port The Governorate urbanised sector Th e governorate apital Helwan New purposed industrial zones animated industrial zone New investment area Dry Port Cairo-Sokhna Proposed exceeding city Proposed Olympic city world-wide amusement park Natural Protectorates Helwan touristic Nile path The Governorate Rural sector Existing cities and rural settlements New proposed urban settlements Back desert settlements Existing agricultural lands Proposed agricultural lands Proposed agricultural lands Agricultural industry zones Dry port (El Koraymat- Al Zaafarana) Regional road (Cairo- Luxor) Regional road (Helwan- Suez) Regional road (Nile path) primary(prenominal) road (Al-Autostrade) Regional road (Al-Koraymat) 3 7. 4. (Figure 7) El Zabw (village) Urban Development Strategic Plan 3 (3) General organization for physical planning, .Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 22 Annex I. The Number of the economic regions and their capitals The presidential decree No 495 for the year 1977 established eight economic regions and id entified a capital for each region. These regions were 1) Cairo Region Cairo is the capital. The region shall comprise Cairo and Giza governorates. 2) Alexandria Region Alexandria is the capital. The region shall comprise Alexandria and Behira governorates as well as the Nobareyya area. 3) Delta Region Tanta is the capital. The region shall comprise the governorates of Monufeyya, Gharbeyya, Kafr Al-Sheikh, Damietta and Daqahleyya. 4) Suez Canal Region Ismailia is the capital.The region shall comprise the governorates of Sinai, Port Said, Ismailia, Suez and Sharqeyya, as well as the Federal part of the Red Sea governorate up to, and including, the Gulf of Suez. 5) Matrouh Region (MERGED WITH ALEXANDRA REGION) Matrouh is the capital. The region shall comprise the governorate of Matrouh. 6) Northern Upper Egypt Region Menia is the capital. The region shall comprise the governorates of Bani Suef, Menia and Fayoum, as well as a northern part of the Red Sea governorate. 7) Asyout Region Asyout is the capital. The region shall comprise the governorates of Asyout and New Valley. 8) gray Upper Egypt Region Aswan is the capital. The region shall comprise the governorates Sohag, Qena and Aswan, as well as the southern part of the Red Sea governorate.In 1986, a prime ministerial decree number 181 was issued to merge Matrouh region with Alexandria region, and to have Alexandria is the capital of this new region. This meant that the number of regions decreased from eight to seven. It is worth mentioning that in the same year, the prime minster issued decree no 197 to establish a committee to examine the governorates composing economic regions in Egypt, however the committee did not recommend any changes in the establishment and boundaries of the economic regions. In other words, the flow rate number and composition of economic regions in Egypt still follows the last amendments made in decree number 181 for the year 1986. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 23 Annex II (Abbreviations). ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSCAPMAS Central Agency for cosmos Mobilization and Statistics ESW Economic Sector micturate ECES Egyptian Center for Economic Studies FY pecuniary Year GCR Greater Cairo Region GOE Government of Egypt GOPP General Organization for Physical Planning HDB Housing and Development brink IDA Industrial development authority IDSC Information and Decision Support Center. LGU Local governmental units MENA Middle East and North Africa Region MHUUD Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Development MOI Ministry of enthronization MOMDP Ministry of vindication and Military Production NAHP National affordable Housing Program NAHPA National affordable Housing Program Agency NUCA New Urban Communities Authority R. P. C Regional planning centers TDA Tourism development authority Concerned Ministries and Entities Ministry of Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Development. Ministry of Defense . Ministry of Endowments. Ministry of Inves tment . Ministry of Agricultural. Ministry of Transportation .Ministry of Electricity and Energy. Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation. Entities, Authorities and Sectors GOPP concerned with the whole country urban planning and development on all levels. NUCA concerned with the detailed planning of the new cities, including the regulations and policies of each city. TDA concerned with the touristic projects, As planning and putting the policy and the regulations for each project and each touristic land. IDA concerned with the industrial projects. Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 24 References References Unified urban law law 119 for the year 2008 Articles from 1-27. (In Arabic).Unified urban law The executive regulation list of the law 119 for the year 2008 Articles from 1-27. (In Arabic). The local authorities management law law 43 for the year 1979. (In Arabic. Dr. Khaled Zaki, Department of law, Ein Shams University, UCLG (United Cities and local Government s), country profile Egypt, www. (Analysis of accommodate supply mechanism In Egypt. final report, 2007, the world bank. Information and decision support center, Egypts description by information (2007), vol. 1. www. gopp. org. http//www. uclg. org/en http//www. cities-localgovernments. org/gold/country_profile_africa. aspc82 Egyptian Administrative And Planning Systems 25