How Cognitive Biases Influence How You Think and Act

How Cognitive Biases Influence How You Think and Act Theories Cognitive Psychology Print How Cognitive Biases Influence How You Think and Act By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on November 01, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on February 03, 2020 Verywell / Elise Degarmo More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology A cognitive bias is a systematic error in thinking that affects the decisions and judgments that people make. Some of these biases are related to memory. The way you remember an event may be biased for a number of reasons and that in turn can lead to biased thinking and decision-making. Other cognitive biases might be related to problems with attention. Since attention is a limited resource, people have to be selective about what they pay attention to in the world around them. Because of this, subtle biases can creep in and influence the way you see and think about the world. How Do Cognitive Biases Work? A cognitive bias is a type of error in thinking that occurs when people are processing and interpreting information in the world around them. The human  brain  is powerful  but subject to limitations.  Cognitive biases are often a result of your brains attempt to simplify information processing. They are rules of thumb that help you make sense of the world and reach decisions with relative speed. When you are making judgments and decisions about the world around you, you like to think that you are objective, logical, and capable of taking in and evaluating all the information that is available to you. Unfortunately, these biases sometimes trip us up, leading to poor decisions and bad judgments. Causes If you had to think about every possible option when making a decision, it would probably take a lot of time to make even the simplest choice. Because of the sheer complexity of the world around you and the amount of information in the environment, it is necessary sometimes to rely on some mental shortcuts that allow you to act quickly. Cognitive biases can be caused by a number of different things, but it is these mental shortcuts, known as  heuristics, that often play a major contributing role. While they can often be surprisingly accurate, they can also lead to errors in thinking. Social pressures, individual motivations, emotions, and limits on the minds ability to process information can also contribute to these biases. How Heuristics Help You Make Quick Decisions or Biases These biases are not necessarily all bad, however. Psychologists believe that many of these biases serve an adaptive purposeâ€"they allow us to reach decisions quickly. This can be vital if we are facing a dangerous or threatening situation. If you are walking down a dark alley and spot a dark shadow that seems to be following you, a cognitive bias might lead you to assume that it is a mugger and that you need to exit the alley as quickly as possible. The dark shadow may have simply been caused by a flag waving in the breeze, but relying on mental shortcuts can often get you out of the way of danger in situations where decisions need to be made quickly. Types Learn more about a few of the most common types of  cognitive biases that can distort your thinking. Confirmation Bias: This is favoring information that conforms to your existing beliefs and discounting evidence that does not conform.Availability Heuristic: This is placing greater value on information that comes to your mind quickly. You give greater credence to this information and tend to overestimate the probability and likelihood of similar things happening in the future.Halo Effect: Your  overall impression of a person influences how you feel and think about his or her character. This especially applies to physical attractiveness influencing how you rate their other qualities.Self-Serving Bias: This is the tendency to  blame external forces when bad things happen and give yourself credit when good things happen.  When you win a poker hand it is due to your skill at reading the other players and knowing the odds, while when you lose it is due to getting dealt a poor hand.Attentional Bias: This is the  tendency to pay attention to some things while simultaneously ignoring others . When making a decision on which car to buy, you may pay attention to the look and feel of the exterior and interior, but ignore the safety record and gas mileage.Actor-Observer Bias: This is the  tendency to attribute your own actions to external causes  while attributing other peoples behaviors to internal causes. You attribute your high cholesterol level to genetics while you consider others to have a high level due to poor diet and lack of exercise.Functional Fixedness: This is the tendency to see objects as only working in a particular way. If you dont have a hammer, you never consider that a big wrench can also be used to drive a nail into the wall. You may think you dont need thumbtacks because you have no corkboard on which to tack things, but not consider their other uses. This could extend to peoples functions, such as not realizing a personal assistant has skills to be in a leadership role.Anchoring Bias:  This is the tendency to rely too heavily on the very first piece of information you learn. If you learn the average price for a car is a certain value, you will think any amount below that is a good deal, perhaps not searching for better deals. You can use this bias to set the expectations of others by putting the first information on the table for consideration.Misinformation Effect: This is the  tendency for post-event information to interfere with the memory of the original event.  It is easy to have your memory influenced by what you hear about the event from others. Knowledge of this effect has led to a mistrust of eyewitness information.False Consensus Effect:  This is the tendency to overestimate how much other people agree with you.Optimism Bias:  This bias leads you to believe that you are less likely to suffer from misfortune and more likely to attain success than your peers.The Dunning-Kruger Effect: This is when people believe that they are smarter and more capable than they really are when they cant recognize their own incompetence. Cognitive Bias vs. Logical Fallacy People sometimes confuse cognitive biases with logical fallacies, but the two are not the same. A logical fallacy stems from an error in a logical argument, while a cognitive bias is rooted in thought processing errors often arising from problems with memory, attention, attribution, and other mental mistakes.

Symptoms And Treatment Of Cancer - 1643 Words

Introduction: HepG2 is a recurrent cell line that contains liver carcinoma cells which are derived from a 15-year-old Caucasian male who had a well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2 n.d.). Cancer has been defined as undisciplined growth of aberrant cells (American cancer society 2015). There were 14.1 million cancer cases in 2012 globally, and it is predicted to increase to 21.7 million new cancer cases by 2030 (American cancer society 2015). Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is considered the most prevalent leading form of liver cancer (Sanyal et. al 2010 and Raphael et. al 2012). Those authors have emphasized that 90% of HCC cases have resulted due to cirrhosis. Chemotherapy is used to destruct the growth of cancer cells by preventing them from dividing and growing, more specifically, it works by induction apoptosis (Nordqvist 2015). Most anticancer drugs tend to activate the inactivated apoptosis pathway or modify detective apoptosis genes such as cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (Hassan et al. 2014). Cisplatin is platinum drugs (Rafi 2006:48). While 5-FU is antimetabolites drugs (Rafi 2006:51). Those two drugs are considered the first-line therapy for cancer (Haydon 2015). Apoptosis is highly genetically regulated program that is responsible for removing unwanted cells such as genetically mutated cells, damaged, or virus-infected cells (Hassan et al. 2014 and Hingorani et al. 2011). Apoptosis is required to maintain healthy multicellular organisms.Show MoreRelatedSymptoms And Treatment Of Cancer Treatments1664 Words   |  7 Pagesdealing with cancer treatments now, slight flaws in our practice after therapy have been present; in doing so, patients have experienced personal and emotional discomfort after therapy. Addressing these issues can become informal to patients, as technology have made it easier for our daily procedures to become convenient. The underlining cause of some confusion is not the patients fault but lack of communication from the health care provider after. Therefore, introducing the drawbacks of cancer treatmentRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Cancer Essay1190 Words   |  5 PagesShort Summary Name Institution affiliation Cancer Over the years, cancer has proved to be a menace and a threat to livelihood. It is a class of diseases that have given doctors a hard time to manage. Cancer is characterized by cell growth that is out of control. The disease manifests itself in over 100 types, and each type is recognized with the type of cell it affected initially. The ugly aspect of cancer is that it causes wreckage to the body when cells divide uncontrollablyRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Cancer1175 Words   |  5 Pagesin the United States get cancer every year (Rosen). 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Ewing s Sarcoma is a cancer that occurs in the bones which usually happens to younger people, but can still affect anyone. Tumors- an unusual growth in the body that can be cancerous- form on the bone. This is one of the most common bone cancers; however, not the most common cancer overall. It canRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Cancer1555 Words   |  7 PagesCancer is a disease that is caused when abnormal cells in the human body begin to divide uncontrollably. These abnormal, uncontrolled cells can then spread further into surrounding ti ssues, effectively harming them. Cancer is genetic, meaning there is a gene coded for this disease present that can be passed down through family. This does not mean, though, that one will be diagnosed with this disease if a family member had it and although it can be treated, cancer has the ability to return. WhenRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Cancer1432 Words   |  6 Pagesthe use of any kind of drug to treat a disease, but today, it is most used in a cancer context. These drugs can also be known as cytotoxic (i.e. cell-killing) drugs or as antineoplastic (i.e. anti-cancer) drugs. But what is this complex disease called cancer? Cancer is a multi-step process mainly characterized by uncontrolled cellular growth and proliferation. Chemotherapy is very different from other cancer treatments, such as surgery or radiotherapy. One of the main reasons for this is, althoughRead MoreSymptoms And Treatments Of Cancer1148 Words   |  5 Pagesdeteriorating billions of bodies worldwide, Cancer is one of the biggest killers in the world. Sometimes going undetected, Cancer causes cells to divide uncontrollably and if gone undetected or if treatment fails, is extremely deadly to both humans and animals. Cancer can be located almost anywhere in the body and is able to spread everywhere if uncontained. The treatments most often used to treat Cancer are chemotherapy and radiation. Chemotherapy is a treatment that uses different medication and chemicalsRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Cancer1997 Words   |  8 PagesDocetaxel also sold as Taxotere or Docecad, is a settled threatening to mitotic chemotherapy pharmaceutical that works by intruding with cell division. Docetaxel is affirmed by the FDA for treatment of secretly advanced or metastatic chest infection, head and neck development, gastric tumor, hormone-adamant prostate danger and non small cell lung disease. It works by preventing the disease cells from isolating into 2 new cells, so it obstructs the development of tumor. Docetaxel ties to microtubules

A Brief Note On Climate Change And Plants - 1511 Words

Kaylee Denmark Professor Terebelski BSC 4933 22 September 2014 Climate Change and Plants We are all well aware that the climate of the planet we live on is not constant. According to fossil records and modern geology, the Earth has been through multiple ice ages, periods of dryness and times of extreme heat. In the news today, we are constantly being confronted by the effects of global warming, which are almost exclusively detrimental to living organisms. A great part of this change is due to the human race from our burning of fossil fuels in automobiles, deforestation, and industrial agriculture, all of which release excessive greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Global warming has already affected the survival and reproductive success of plants and animals, and even threatens the future of the human race. In recent years, many studies have been conducted to investigate these effects and to predict what the future may hold for planet Earth. Two interesting studies in Europe (Thuiller 2005) and in California (Kelly 2008) investigate how recent local climate change has affected the area’s vegetation. The main purpose of the study conducted in Europe (Thuiller 2005) was to predict the potential consequences of climate change for the most prevalent plant species in Europe. The team began the task of obtaining local plant information by surveying a 50 square kilometer plot in Europe that exhibited an average representative range of diversity. They thenShow MoreRelatedGeography Study Notes890 Words   |  4 PagesGeography – Unit One Notes What is Geography? Geography is the study of the world, how it works, and how people use and change the world as they live in it. Origins The word â€Å"Geography† comes from the Greek word â€Å"Geo.† Meaning earth and â€Å"graph† meaning writing. Definitions Population Denisty – Figure calculated by dividing the population of a region by the region’s area. 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In brief, the degradation of the global atmosphere is caused by practically everyone around the world. Unlike countries which have specific boundaries that specify territorial restr ictions, the atmosphere does not have an owner; it literally belongs to every

The Strange Neighbour Free Essays

Mr and Mrs Brown and their two children decided to go on a holiday on Monday 22nd of December. The day was cold and windy. Mr Brown’s mother did not want to go with them, so she decided to stay alone, but Mr Brown did not want his mother to stay alone so he asked one of their neighbour Mr Collins to come and stay with his mother while they are on holiday. We will write a custom essay sample on The Strange Neighbour or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mr Collins was about 25 years old. He was a very interesting person to know. He was friendly but quiet and never said much about his family or friends. Normally every morning he would say hello and smile! Every morning, Monday to Saturday he would go to work from 9 am to 7 pm. Then he would go home make some dinner for himself and then sometimes go and see Mr Brown and his family to have a cup of tea together and talk for a while. They would never talk about anything so personal. Mr Brown and his family after making all the arrangements with Mr Collins left for their holiday to Scotland by car. After reaching their destination safely they phoned their mother to say they have reached safely by car and asked how she was. Afterwards Mr Brown spoke to Mr Collins, just to say hello and to make sure if everything is all right. The next morning Mr Collins went to work after having his breakfast, Mrs Brown made him bacon and eggs for breakfast. He said, â€Å"thank you and bye†. She then had her breakfast and got dressed afterwards. She went of to do the daily shopping at the local supermarket. On her way back home, she went to see her very close friend Mrs Robertson. They had a cup of tea together and gossiped for a while. Then she came back home and prepared dinner. She felt bit alone but she preferred being independent as she liked to be on her own at times, and also liked to do things alone during the day time, but still she missed her family very much. Mr Collins came home and had dinner. He watched TV for a while and then went to sleep. This is what use to happen everyday. A week had passed and it was Tuesday evening, Mr Collins started being very strange and mysterious. Whenever Mr Brown’s mother used to take out her jewellery or her money, he would look at her very strangely. On that night he went to sleep bit late compared to other nights. Normally he sleep’s by 10 pm. On the morning of Thursday Mr Collins went to work the usual time and returned home at the usual time. Mr and Mrs Brown and their two children were returning home on Friday. Mr Brown’s mother was getting excited and was happy that Mr Brown and family were returning home next day. The next day was Friday. Mr and Mrs Brown and their two children were returning home in about three hours. Mr Collins got his things together to go home. He went home and said bye and left in a strange way he looked very strange and worried. Mr Brown’s mother closed the door and then went into the kitchen to prepare lunch for Mr Mrs Brown and their two children as they were going to return home in about one and a half hours. After she made lunch she went upstairs to get dressed and went to take her jewellery out, so she opened her cupboard, but she could not find her jewellery so she got worried. She went to see if her money was their but all of her money had disappeared as well. She then realised that she had been robbed also all her expensive things had been stolen. She called the police; they came just when Mr Brown and his family arrived. She told the police what had happened and also mentioned who was staying with her while her family had gone on a holiday. The police went to Mr Collins house, there was no one there and all his things had gone. They tried looking for him for many years but they never found him. Mr Brown and his family came to know that was the last they saw of him. How to cite The Strange Neighbour, Papers

Scholarly Legal Writing Essays - Pedagogy, Academia,

Scholarly Legal Writing The education of lawyers must not merely involve the acquisition of knowledge and skills; it must include the cultivation of creative thinking and imagination, the appreciation of the commonality of the human condition, and development of a sense of judgment and responsibility. Hence, lawyering includes the ability to understand and critique existing and emerging visions of the profession in relation to interdisciplinary and multicultural perspectives, the implications of technology, and the consequences of economic globalization.# As the preceding quotation suggests, legal scholarship has a major impact on the future of the profession. The future of any legal student must begin with a strong foundation of legal knowledge. A cornerstone of this foundation must be the practice and interpretation of scholarly legal writing. Scholarly legal writing in itself can be a very complex, even scary term for law students to understand and apply. However, the way in which legal writing is applied may very well hold the key to whether or not the writing is understood and properly judged. During the course of this paper, I will demonstrate and shed understanding on the effective writing process of scholarly legal writing a student will encounter in law school. I will show and explain the writing style as well as examine the different writing styles used. I will give an understanding of how scholarly/critical legal writing is relevant in the development and usage of other legal writing skills. Finally, I will show an essay I created to demonstrate many of the scholarly legal writing skills and techniques this paper shows. I believe you will find the techniques and strategies in this paper to be inspirational, crucial and essential in creating effective scholarly legal writing. You will leave with the basic understanding of how scholarly legal writing can enhance your writings and yourself. Perhaps the most difficult part of writing a legal paper is choosing a subject and developing a thesis. Allowing you to put your own educated take on the subject while supporting your analysis by argument and evidence. Choosing a subject you feel comfortable with and show interest in will make your research more enjoyable-not long and dull. It will also enable you to now find a thesis. Professor Richard Delgado suggests that you find one new point, one new insight, one new way of looking at a piece of law, and organize your entire article around that. One insight from another discipline, one application of single logic to a problem where it has never been made before is all you need.# Judicial opinions must be examined with a critical eye. You must analyze the way the writer looks at the law, as well as read for inconsistency and rhetoric. By doing so, your thesis will be, as it should be, an original and supportable proposition about the subject. Once you have your thesis it is time to gather information and assimilate it. Without doubt, you will spend numerous hours reading, note taking, browsing and skimming; deciding which materials are relevant. It is very important to be thorough and to involve current trends. Assimilating information or making the information your own is critical to your research. This will give you a greater understanding of your research and aid in setting your paper apart from others. Writing a draft can be difficult. Your thoughts and notes may be anything but orderly. An outline is an excellent way to arrange ideas and place information in schemes that will work for you. If you are dealing with case law: case charts, cluster diagrams and issue trees can be invaluable. Case charts list cases and allows you to organize issues by case. Cluster diagrams, on the other hand, include ideas and details with lines attaching details to the main idea. Issue trees begin with a primary idea and work down the tree to sub points.# These trees and diagrams may be revised easily into outlines. The actual writing can begin at any part, not necessarily the beginning. Some writers even begin with the conclusion. It is important to write in an order of ease. You may find something that would work perfectly in an area of your paper other than where you are. Feel free to move around. Do not be bothered with polishing and fine-tuning your work.

Zara Pandora Recommendations Essays

Zara Pandora Recommendations Essays Zara Pandora Recommendations Essay Zara Pandora Recommendations Essay Zara case Zara uses a vertically integrated system (VMS): In this system, wholesalers, retailers and distributors work as a unified system. One channel owns the others. They have a corporate VMS system, because Zara has managed to build a system that is controlled from the headquarters and it allows a quick response to decide and solve problems. Inditex, Zara’s parent company owns most of the resources to design, produce and distribute. Recommendations: Instead of doing everything themselves, Zara could train their managers in the local stores to already make quick decisions than to just send many ideas to the main headquarters in Spain and let them decide what is best. So spread the decision making process among their local stores. Zara’s vertical integration has many advantages, but there is a drawback for Zara as they focus distributing small batch quantities and do not receive any discounts on manufacturing large quantities. Pandora Value Chain Analysis describes the activities that take place in a business and relates them to an analysis of the competitive strength of the business. The activities of a business could be grouped under two headings: Primary Activities those that are directly concerned with creating and delivering a product. -Inbound logistics: All the raw materials are collected from their distributors and in Pandora’s case these are the songs from musicians. Operations: is transforming the raw materials into a finished product and service. Pandora’s software gets smarter through the listener’s inputs of likes and dislikes and marks them as unique playlist for that same user. Outbound logistics: All those activities associated with getting finished goods and services to buyers. Pandora has pushed the music service into a variety of channels, including apps for smart phones and tablets as well as through home entertainment systems such as video game players, DVD players and Internet radios. Marketing Sales: Essentially an information activity informing buyers and consumers about products and services (benefits, use, price etc. Pandora informs their listeners firstly through web page, and then music has become more mobile. Pandora has formed strategic partnerships to push their music service into different channels, such as apps for smartphones and tablets, as well as through video game players, DVD players and Internet. Since listening to music goes through the radio, Pandora has also collaborated with new car brands. Service: All those activities associated with maintaining product performance after the product has been sold. The service plays musical selections of a certain genre based on the users artist selection. The user then provides positive or negative feedback for songs chosen by the service, which are taken into account when Pandora selects future songs. Recommendation: The client should have more possibilities to have an opinion on the music instead of likes and dislikes. So after each opinion they have, they get a small questionnaire. Global market The activity of buying or selling goods and services in all the countries of the world, or the value of the goods and services sold. Global marketing is sometimes used to refer to overseas expansion efforts through licensing, franchises, and joint ventures. Zara got stores all over the world. If the designers design new clothes, it will come in all the stores. Zara does most of the things by themselves, like making their own fabric, produce their own clothes and having their own designers. Recommendation Zara could create a joint venture with distributors in the markets such as Asia or the US, to produce the products for them. Support Activities, which whilst they are not directly involved in production, may increase effectiveness or efficiency. Procurement: When the raw material is purchased together with other inputs to create value to the product and support the value chain activities. In the case of Pandora the raw materials purchased are the songs from musicians. Technology development: Includes research and development, process automation, and other technology development to support the value chain activity. For Pandora they have an automated software-driven machine that discerns the types of music and places them in genres. Human Resource Management Using people as a resource to support the value chain. Young analysist analyze of the music by a professional musician to analyze and decode them in different genres. Young analysts sit together with senior analysts to encode the music and add features to differentiate its service. Firm Infrastructure Includes activities such as finance, strategic planning and control, general management, etc. Pandora is mostly focused on strategic planning ; control, because they have to critically analyze their songs they get delivered from musicians. This takes a lot of time and need be planned strategically. Strategic planning is then linked to general management. Recommendation: Pandora can hire more junior analyst which can be trained to become senior analyst so that the work is divided.

Jacob Lawrence Biography

Jacob Lawrence Biography The Basics: History Painter is an appropriate title, although Jacob Lawrence himself preferred Expressionist, and he was certainly best-qualified to describe his own work. Lawrence is one of the best known 20th-century African-American painters, along with Romare Bearden. While Lawrence is often associated with the Harlem Renaissance, its not accurate. He began studying art half a decade after the Great Depression terminated the heyday of that movement. It can be argued, though, that the Harlem Renaissance brought into being the schools, teachers and artist-mentors from whom Lawrence later learned. Early Life: Lawrence was born on September 7, 1917 in Atlantic City, New Jersey.After a childhood marked by a series of moves, and the separation of his parents, Jacob Lawrence, his mother and two younger siblings settled in Harlem when he was 12. It was there that he discovered drawing and painting (on discarded cardboard boxes), while attending an after-school program at Utopia Childrens Center. He kept up painting when he could, but was forced to drop out of school to help support the family after his mother lost her job during the Great Depression. His Art: Luck (and the persistent help of sculptor Augusta Savage) intervened to procure Lawrence an easel job as a part of the W.P.A. (Works Progress Administration). He loved art, reading and history. His quiet determination to show that African Americans, too, were a major factor in the history of the Western hemisphere despite their conspicuous absence in art and literature led him to embark on his first important series, The Life of Toussaint LOuverture. 1941 was a banner year for Jacob Lawrence: he broke the color barrier when his seminal, 60-panel The Migration of the Negro was exhibited at the prestigious Downtown Gallery, and also married fellow painter Gwendolyn Knight. He served in the U.S. Coast Guard during WWII and returned to his career as an artist. He landed a temporary job teaching at Black Mountain College (in 1947) at the invitation of Josef Albers who became both an influencer and friend. Lawrence spent the rest of his life painting, teaching and writing. He is best known for his representational compositions, full of simplified shapes, and bold colors and his use of watercolor and gouache. Unlike nearly any other modern or contemporary artist, he always worked in series of paintings, each with a distinct theme. His influence, as the visual artist who told stories of the dignity, hopes and struggles of African Americans in American history, is incalculable. Lawrence died on June 9, 2000 in Seattle, Washington. Important Works: Toussaint LOuverture (series), 1937-38 Harriet Tubman (series), 1938-39 Frederick Douglass (series), 1939-40 The Migration of the Negro (series), 1941 John Brown (series), 1941-42 Famous Quotes: I would describe my work as expressionist. The expressionist point of view is stressing your own feelings about something.  My belief is that it is most important for an artist to develop an approach and philosophy about life - if he has developed this philosophy, he does not put paint on canvas, he puts himself on canvas. If at times my productions do not express the conventionally beautiful, there is always an effort to express the universal beauty of mans continuous struggle to lift his social position and to add dimension to his spiritual being.When the subject is strong, simplicity is the only way to treat it. Sources and Further Reading: Falconer, Morgan. Lawrence, Jacob Grove Art Online. Oxford University Press, 20 August 2005. Read a review of Grove Art Online.Lawrence, Jacob. Harriet and the Promised Land. New York : Aladdin Publishing, 1997 (reprint ed.). (Reading level: Ages 4-8) This wonderfully illustrated book, along with The Great Migration (below), are excellent means with which to introduce budding art enthusiasts to Jacob Lawrence.Lawrence, Jacob. The Great Migration. New York : Harper Trophy, 1995. (Reading level: Ages 9-12)Nesbett, Peter T. (ed.). Complete Jacob Lawrence. Seattle : University of Washington Press, 2000.Nesbett, Peter T. (ed.). Over the Line: The Art and Life of Jacob Lawrence.Seattle : University of Washington Press, 2000. Films Worth Watching: Jacob Lawrence: An Intimate Portrait (1993)Jacob Lawrence:The Glory of Expression (1994) Names beginning with L or Artist Profiles: Main Index. .